INTRODUÇÃO: O procedimento de implante transcateter da válvula aórtica (TAVI, do inglês transcatheter aortic valve implantation) representa opção de tratamento em pacientes com estenose valvar aórtica (EA) com risco cirúrgico elevado ou proibitivo. Relatamos nossa experiência usando o sistema autoexpansível Medtronic CoreValve®. MÉTODOS: No período de 2009 a 2013, 51 pacientes consecutivos com EA grave sintomática e risco cirúrgico alto ou proibitivo foram submetidos ao TAVI. Os resultados foram analisados de acordo com os critérios Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC) -2. RESULTADOS: A média de idades dos pacientes foi 82 ± 6 anos, 49% eram do sexo feminino, 19% diabéticos, 21% tinham insuficiência renal e o EuroSCORE logístico foi 17,4 ± 11,4%. O sucesso do dispositivo foi alcançado em 84,3%. Todos os pacientes tiveram diminuição significativa dos gradientes transaórticos, que foi mantida ao longo do tempo. A internação hospitalar foi de 6 dias (intervalo interquartil: 5-8,8). A mortalidade intra-hospitalar e aos 30 dias foi 7,8% e 9,8%, respectivamente. Implante de marca-passo permanente foi necessário em 32,6% dos casos; acidente cerebrovascular isquêmico ocorreu em 3,9%; e complicações vasculares maiores em 6% dos pacientes. A sobrevivência aos 6 meses e em 1 ano foi 86,3% e 84,4%, respectivamente. A classe funcional NYHA melhorou significativamente após o TAVI e permaneceu baixa no seguimento de médio prazo. CONCLUSÕES: Nesta experiência preliminar, o tratamento de pacientes com EA e risco cirúrgico alto ou proibitivo com TAVI, usando o sistema autoexpansível CoreValve®, foi considerado viável e seguro, e levou à melhoria sustentável dos sintomas cardíacos. Após a superação dos riscos iniciais de morte e de acidente cerebrovascular, o procedimento garantiu um bom resultado clínico, no longo prazo.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a treatment option for patients with aortic valve stenosis (AS) and high or prohibitive surgical risk. We report our experience using the Medtronic CoreValveTM self-expending system. METHODS: From 2009 to 2013, 51 consecutive patients with severe symptomatic AS and high or prohibitive surgical risk were submitted to TAVI. Results were analyzed according to the criteria of the Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC) -2. RESULTS: Mean age was 82 ± 6 years, 49% were female, 19% were diabetic, 21% had renal failure and the logistic EuroScore was 17.4 ± 11.4%. The success rate of the device was 84.3%. All of the patients had a significant decrease of transaortic gradients, which was maintained over time. Hospitalization time was 6 days (interquartile range: 5-8,8). In-hospital mortality at 30 days was 7.8% and 9.8%, respectively. Permanent pacemaker implantation was required in 32.6% of the cases, ischemic stroke was observed in 3.9% and major vascular complications in 6% of the patients. Survival at 6 months and 1 year was 86.3% and 84.4%, respectively. NYHA functional class improved significantly after TAVI and remained low in the medium-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In this preliminary experience, the treatment of patients with AS and high or prohibitive surgical risk with TAVI, using the CoreValveTM self-expanding system was feasible and safe and led to sustained improvement of cardiac symptoms. After overcoming the initial risks of death and stroke, the procedure guaranteed good long-term clinical outcomes.

Background Survival of severe symptomatic aortic valve replacement in patients who are not candidates for cardiac surgery is low. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) represents an alternative for these patients. Candidates for TAVI are evaluated in our TAVI Program, firstly to determine if they are clinically eligible and secondly to request the health medical coverage the authorization of the procedure. Objectives To evaluate the reasons for the exclusion of patients from the procedure and its clinical impact. Methods From April 2009 to August 2011, 37 patients were admitted in the TAVI Program. Results From the original 37 patients, 29 were divided into two groups: TAVI group (14 patients undergoing the procedure, 48.3%) and no TAVI group (15 patients rejected for the procedure, 52.7%). In the no TAVI group, six patients (40%) were rejected by the Program and four by the medical coverage, while other five died waiting for the authorization. Median EuroSCORE was of 22% (range 10-56%) and mean age was 79±8 years. After 12 months of follow-up, mortality in the TAVI group and no TAVI group was 7.1% and 33.3%, respectively (p=0.082). Overall cardiovascular mortality was of 17.2%, in all the cases in the no TAVI group. Conclusion In our environment, more than half of the patients evaluated in a TAVI Program do not undergo the procedure. Medical and social and economic reasons influence the decision-making process and carrying out TAVI, with an important mortality in untreated patients.

Introducción La sobrevida de la estenosis aórtica grave sintomática inoperable es baja. El implante percutáneo de válvula aórtica (IVAP) representa una alternativa para estos pacientes. Es nuestra práctica que los candidatos a IVAP ingresen en un programa de evaluación (Programa de IVAP) para determinar su elegibilidad clínica para, luego, solicitar la aprobación a la cobertura de salud. Objetivos Evaluar las causas de la exclusión de pacientes del procedimiento y su impacto clínico. Material y métodos Desde abril de 2009 hasta agosto de 2011, 37 pacientes ingresaron en el Programa de IVAP. Resultados De los 37 pacientes, 29 recibieron el tratamiento o fueron descartados: 14 fueron sometidos a IVAP (grupo IVAP, 48,3%) y 15 fueron descartados (grupo no IVAP 52,7%). Del grupo no IVAP, seis pacientes (40%) fueron descartados por el Programa y cuatro por la cobertura médica, mientras que otros cinco pacientes fallecieron aguardando la autorización. La mediana de EuroSCORE de la población fue del 22% (rango 10-56%) y el promedio de edad fue de 79 ± 8 años. En un seguimiento de 12 meses, la mortalidad del grupo IVAP y no IVAP fue del 7,1% y del 33,3%, respectivamente (p = 0,082). La mortalidad cardiovascular total fue del 17,2%, en todos los casos del grupo no IVAP. Conclusión En nuestro medio, más de la mitad de los pacientes evaluados en un Programa de IVAP no son intervenidos. Razones médicas y socioeconómicas inciden en la toma de decisiones y en la realización o no del IVAP, observándose una mortalidad importante en los pacientes no tratados.

Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel is an essential treatment to prevent ischemic events in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, a significant interindividual variability exists in response to clopidogrel treatment, which is responsible for failure in the therapeutic effect and in the development of high residual platelet reactivity (HRPR). Prasugrel could reduce this prothrombotic state. Objectives To evaluate: 1) the antiaggregant response in clopidogrel or prasugrel pretreated patients undergoing successful PCI, and 2) the response to prasugrel loading in patients with low residual platelet reactivity on clopidogrel therapy. Material and Methods Eighty three patients were prospectively included in the study. They underwent successful PCI under dual antiplatelet therapy: aspirin plus clopidogrel (600 mg loading dose or a maintenance dose of 75 mg for more than 7 days; n=42) or prasugrel (60 mg loading dose or a maintenance dose of 10 mg for more than 7 days; n=41). The selection of thienopyridine was left at the discretion of the treating physician. Patients with high hemorrhagic risk were excluded. Platelet function was tested 12-24 hours after PCI with the VerifyNowTM P2Y12 Assay. High residual platelet reactivity (HRPR) was defined as P2Y12-reaction units (PRU) ≥ 230. In case of HRPR, patients received a loading dose of prasugrel 60 mg and platelet function was reassessed 2 hours later. Results Baseline characteristics did not differ in patients who initially received clopidogrel or prasugrel. At 12-24 hours post PCI, patients treated with prasugrel presented significantly less PRU compared with the clopidogrel cohort (median 49 (9-78) vs. 160 (82-224); p < 0.001). HRPR was observed in 24% of patients in the clopidogrel group and in no patients in the prasugrel cohort (p < 0.001). All patients with HRPR on clopidogrel treatment corrected this value after the loading dose of prasugrel. Conclusions After successful PCI, prasugrel administration achieved greater platelet inhibition compared to clopidogrel. Moreover, in patients with high-on treatment platelet reactivity with clopidogrel, optimal platelet inhibition was accomplished by additional prasugrel administration.

Introducción El tratamiento antiagregante dual con aspirina y clopidogrel constituye un tratamiento esencial para la prevención de eventos isquémicos en pacientes sometidos a angioplastia transluminal coronaria (ATC). Sin embargo, existe alta variabilidad interpaciente en la respuesta al clopidogrel, condicionando la falla en su efecto terapéutico, que se manifiesta como hiperreactividad plaquetaria residual (HPR). El prasugrel podría reducir este estado protrombótico. Objetivos 1) Estudiar la respuesta antiagregante en pacientes sometidos a ATC exitosa pretratados con clopidogrel o prasugrel y 2) evaluar la respuesta a una carga de prasugrel en pacientes con HPR bajo tratamiento con clopidogrel. Material y métodos Se incluyeron en forma prospectiva y consecutiva 83 pacientes sin riesgo hemorrágico alto sometidos a ATC exitosa bajo tratamiento antiagregante dual: aspirina más clopidogrel (600 mg de carga o mantenimiento de 75 mg/día por más de 7 días; n = 42) o prasugrel (60 mg de carga o mantenimiento de 10 mg/día por más de 7 días, n = 41). La selección de la tienopiridina quedó a cargo del médico tratante. La función plaquetaria se evaluó a las 12-24 horas pos-ATC con el método VerifyNow®. Se definió HPR a la presencia de ≥ 230 unidades de reactividad plaquetaria (URP). Los pacientes con HPR recibieron una dosis de carga de prasugrel de 60 mg y se repitió la evaluación de la función plaquetaria a las 2 horas. Resultados No hubo diferencias significativas en las características basales de ambos grupos. A las 12-24 horas pos-ATC, los pacientes tratados con prasugrel presentaron menos URP en comparación con el grupo clopidogrel [mediana 49 (9-78) vs. 160 (82-224); p < 0,001]. Se observó HPR en el 24% de los pacientes del grupo clopidogrel y cero en el grupo prasugrel (p < 0,001). Todos los pacientes con HPR bajo tratamiento con clopidogrel lograron corregirla luego de la carga de prasugrel. Conclusiones En pacientes sometidos a ATC exitosa, el tratamiento con prasugrel logró una mayor inhibición de la agregación plaquetaria (IAP) en comparación con la administración de clopidogrel. Por su parte, los pacientes con HPR bajo tratamiento con clopidogrel lograron alcanzar una IAP óptima con la administración adicional de prasugrel.

Efficacy and safety of dual-axis rotational coronary angiography versus conventional angiography Background Conventional coronary angiography (CA) is the gold standard for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. However, this technique requires several orthogonal projections to determine the severity of the disease. Dual-axis rotational coronary angiography (DARCA) is a new technique which allows visualization of each coronary artery using a single contrast injection and obtains unique images. This technique has been shown to reduce both radiation and contrast exposure. Objective To determine the amount of contrast used, radiation exposure and diagnostic accuracy of DARCA compared to conventional CA. Methods We conducted a prospective, self-controlled study of consecutive patients undergoing elective coronary angiography to compare DARCA versus the conventional technique. All the angiographies were reviewed by two independent interventional cardiologists (observer 1 and observer 2) who evaluated agreement between both types of images. The observers evaluated firstly the DARCAs and three weeks later the conventional CAs to prevent bias in reading the images. Results The contrast volume used in the diagnostic procedure was significantly lower with DARCA (33.29±11.2 ml vs. 17±5.4 ml; p <0.01). Radiation exposure in patient (235.6±76.8 mGy vs. 82.7±46.6 mGy; p <0.01) and operator was also significantly lower (5.7±3.26 mSv vs. 2.48±1.47 mSv; p <0.04). A slight difference and a strong correlation were seen in the number of lesions, vessel diameter and percentage of stenosis between both observers and in both methods. Agreement for categorizing percentage of stenoses was also adequate. Conclusion DARCA reduces the use of contrast agent and radiation exposure compared to the conventional technique without modifying the diagnostic accuracy of the method.

Introducción La angiografía convencional (AC) es la técnica de referencia para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad coronaria. Sin embargo, requiere múltiples proyecciones ortogonales para determinar el grado de enfermedad. La técnica de angiografía rotacional dual (ARD) permite una única adquisición e inyección de contraste para cada coronaria, con potencial reducción del volumen de contraste y de la dosis de radiación. Objetivo Comparar ambas técnicas (AC vs. ARD) a través de la evaluación de cantidad de contraste, exposición a la radiación y eficiencia diagnóstica. Material y métodos El presente es un estudio prospectivo, consecutivo, autocontrolado de coronariografías electivas para comparar AC y ARD. Todas las angiografías fueron revisadas por dos hemodinamistas independientes (observador 1 y observador 2) para evaluar la concordancia entre ambos tipos de imágenes. Para prevenir un sesgo en la lectura de las imágenes, los observadores evaluaron primero las ARD y tres semanas más tarde hicieron lo propio con las AC. Resultados Con la ARD se observó una reducción en la utilización de contraste (33,29 ± 11,2 ml vs. 17 ± 5,4 ml; p < 0,01) y en la exposición a radiación del paciente (235,6 ± 76,8 mGy vs. 82,7± 46,6 mGy; p < 0,01) y del operador (5,7 ± 3,26 mSv vs. 2,48 ± 1,47 mSv; p < 0,04). Se observó una leve diferencia y una fuerte correlación en el número de lesiones, diámetro del vaso y porcentaje de estenosis entre ambos observadores y entre ambos métodos. La evaluación categórica del porcentaje de estenosis también demostró una concordancia adecuada. Conclusión La ARD reduce el uso de contraste y la exposición a radiación en comparación con la técnica convencional, sin alterar la eficiencia diagnóstica del estudio.

Percutaneous closure of left atrial appendage to prevent thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation Embolic stroke is a major concern in atrial fibrillation (AF), and anticoagulation is the therapy of choice to prevent it. Around 20% of patients with AF have contraindications for anticoagulation (OAC). The left atrial appendage (LAA) has been identified as the most common place of thrombosis in patients with AF, particularly in those with non-valvular AF or impaired ventricular function. LAA occlusion reduces the incidence of embolic events in these patients. This article describes a case of percutaneous closure of LAA with the Amplatzer Cardiac Plug device. The patient was at high risk of embolism and had absolute contraindication for OAC. The procedure was performed at the cardiac catheterization laboratory under fluoroscopic guidance and transesophageal echocardiography, with general anesthesia; complete closure of the LAA was achieved. During the procedure, no complications were reported. The patient remained event-free at three-month follow-up, with complete exclusion of LAA. No embolic events have been reported.

El accidente vascular encefálico embólico constituye la complicación más importante de la fibrilación auricular (FA) y el tratamiento anticoagulante es de elección para su prevención. Alrededor del 20% de los pacientes con FA presentan contraindicaciones de anticoagulación (ACO). La orejuela izquierda (OI) se ha identificado como el principal sitio de formación de trombos en la FA, especialmente en pacientes sin enfermedad valvular y sin deterioro de la función ventricular. La oclusión de la OI reduce la incidencia de eventos embólicos en este tipo de pacientes. En esta presentación se describe un caso de cierre percutáneo de la OI, con empleo del dispositivo Amplatzer Cardiac Plug. El paciente tenía riesgo embólico alto y contraindicación absoluta de ACO. El procedimiento se realizó en el Laboratorio de Hemodinamia, bajo guía radioscópica y ecocardiografía transesofágica, con anestesia general; se logró la oclusión completa de la OI. No se presentaron complicaciones durante el procedimiento y luego de un seguimiento de 3 meses, la OI se encuentra totalmente excluida y no se han evidenciado eventos embólicos.

INTRODUÇÃO: A reestenose coronária é um fenômeno pouco compreendido e que permanece como um desafio mesmo na era dos stents farmacológicos. Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar genes envolvidos na síntese de proteínas estruturais e funcionais de células musculares lisas com expressão aumentada em placas ateromatosas de humanos associados a hiperplasia neointimal após o implante de stents não-farmacológicos. MÉTODOS: Placas ateromatosas foram obtidas mediante aterectomia direcionada, previamente ao implante do stent. A análise da expressão dos genes foi realizada utilizando-se o sistema Affymetrix GeneChip. Os pacientes foram submetidos a ultrassom intracoronário 6 meses após o procedimento para análise volumétrica intrastent. Foi avaliada a correlação entre a expressão gênica de placas ateromatosas e o porcentual de hiperplasia intimal intrastent. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (85,7%), com 60,2 ± 11,4 anos de idade, 35,7% eram diabéticos e o porcentual de hiperplasia intimal intrastent foi de 29,9 ± 18,7%. Não houve variação do porcentual de hiperplasia intimal intrastent entre os pacientes com ou sem diabetes (29,5% vs. 30,7%; P = 0,89). Não houve correlação entre a extensão do stent e o porcentual de hiperplasia intimal intrastent (r = -0,26; P = 0,26) ou entre o diâmetro do stent e o porcentual de hiperplasia intimal intrastent (r = 0,14; P = 0,56). Oito genes envolvidos na síntese de proteínas estruturais e funcionais de células musculares lisas apresentaram correlação positiva com o porcentual de hiperplasia intimal intrastent. CONCLUSÕES: As lesões coronárias de novo apresentam expressão aumentada de genes relacionados com a síntese de proteínas estruturais e funcionais de células musculares lisas associados a futura hiperplasia neointimal intrastent significativa, surgindo como novos alvos terapêuticos.

BACKGROUND: Coronary restenosis is a poorly understood phenomenon that remains a challenge even in the drug-eluting stent era. This study is aimed at identifying the genes involved in structural and functional protein synthesis of smooth muscle cells with increased expression in human atheromatous plaques associated to neointimal hyperplasia after bare-metal stent implantation. METHODS: Atheromatous plaques were obtained by directional atherectomy prior to stenting. Gene expression analysis was performed using the Affymetrix GeneChip system. Patients were submitted to intravascular ultrasound 6 months after the procedure for in-stent volumetric analysis. We evaluated the correlation between gene expression in atheromatous plaques and the percentage of in-stent intimal hyperplasia. RESULTS: Most patients were male (85.7%), with 60.2 ± 11.4 years of age, 35.7% were diabetic and the percentage of in-stent intimal hyperplasia was 29.9 ± 18.7%. There was no change in the percentage of in-stent intimal hyperplasia in patients with or without diabetes (29.5% vs. 30.7%; P = 0.89). There was no correlation between stent length and the percentage of in-stent intimal hyperplasia (r = -0.26; P = 0.26) or between stent diameter and the percentage of in-stent intimal hyperplasia (r = 0.14; P = 0.56). Eight genes related to smooth muscle cell structural and functional protein synthesis had a positive correlation with the percentage of in-stent intimal hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS: De novo coronary lesions show increased expression of genes related to smooth muscle cell structural and functional protein synthesis associated to future significant in-stent neointimal hyperplasia, emerging as novel therapeutic targets.

The development of mitral paravalvular leak (PVL) after mitral valve replacement is an uncommon complication with severe symptoms. The surgical repair of this condition has high morbidity and mortality; for this reason, several percutaneous techniques have been attempted with success rates between 60% and 90%. We describe the case of a young female patient with multiple mitral valve surgeries, who presented limiting dyspnea and hemolytic anemia. The PVL was closed using a specially designed Amplatzer III device under three-dimensional echocardiography. After 3 months of follow-up, the PVL remains completely excluded and the patient is asymptomatic.

El desarrollo de fuga paravalvular (FPV) luego del reemplazo valvular mitral es un fenómeno poco frecuente pero de gran repercusión sintomática. Debido a la elevada morbimortalidad de su abordaje quirúrgico se han intentado varias técnicas percutáneas con una tasa éxito que varía entre el 60% y el 90%. En esta presentación se describe el caso de una paciente joven, con múltiples cirugías valvulares mitrales previas, sintomática por disnea limitante y anemia hemolítica. Con el uso de imágenes ecocardiográficas tridimensionales, se realizó la oclusión de la FPV con un dispositivo Amplatzer III, diseñado específicamente para dicha indicación. Luego de un seguimiento de 3 meses, la FPV permanece totalmente excluida y la paciente se encuentra asintomática.

Background The current increase in the diagnosis of atherosclerotic renovascular disease (ARD) results from the progressive recognition of its clinical impact. The role of percutaneous renal angioplasty as alternative therapy has been motivating several clinical trials. Objectives To analyze a population undergoing percutaneous renal angioplasty, and to assess the safety of the procedure and the long-term clinical response. Material and Methods A retrospective study of 100 consecutive patients treated with percutaneous surgery. Follow-up visits or telephone calls (median 1.7 years; interquartile range 25-75, 1.2-2.7 years) were performed, during which clinical and laboratory data were collected. Results A total of 100 patients were analyzed, most of them male subjects (72%), mean age of 67.3±9.9 years, with multiple cardiovascular risk factors (HBP 95%, DLP 74%, smoking 63%, DM 28%) and extensive atherosclerotic vascular involvement (coronary heart disease 56%, peripheral vascular disease 39%). Angioplasty with stent-graft was performed in 98% of the patients, 22% bilaterally, with a success rate of 99%. A significant reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) was observed at long-term follow up (preprocedural SBP 139.7±24.2 mm Hg - preprocedural SBP 129.7±13.9 mm Hg; p <0.05), and a reduction in the number of drugs indicated (2.8±1.03 - 1.7±0.9; p=0.02). These beneficial outcomes were even greater in patients with bilateral involvement. Regarding renal function, 49% of the patients showed sustained improvement (creatinine clearance: 53.6±18.4 ml/min basal vs. 60.8±19.5 ml/min at follow up; p=0.011), whereas 20.4% showed significant impairment in glomerular filtration. Improvement in glomerular filtration was more common in patients with advanced chronic impairment (70.5% stages ≥III vs. 13.5% stages 0-II; p=0.01) and with bilateral renal angioplasty (creatinine clearance: 52.8±25.3 ml/min basal vs. 66.1±15.1 ml/min at follow up; p=0.032). In multivariate analysis, renal disease degree ≥III (OR 29.6, CI 95% 8.3-105.8; p >0.001) and male sex (OR 16.2, CI 95% 4.3-105.8; p >0.001) were independent predictors of improved glomerular filtration at follow up. Conclusions Percutaneous treatment of renovascular disease is an additional therapeutic option, highly safe and with positive long-term outcomes in high risk patients. Benefits of the TRA in patients with significant baseline renal impairment should also be pointed out, despite the late revascularization.

Introducción El actual incremento en el diagnóstico de la enfermedad renovascular aterosclerótica (ERA) deviene del progresivo reconocimiento de su impacto clínico. El papel de la angioplastia renal percutánea como tratamiento alternativo ha motivado, y continúa haciéndolo, múltiples ensayos clínicos. Objetivos Analizar una población sometida a angioplastia renal percutánea y evaluar la seguridad del procedimiento y la respuesta clínica alejada. Material y métodos Se incluyeron en forma retrospectiva y consecutiva 100 pacientes intervenidos percutáneamente. Se realizó un seguimiento telefónico o por visitas (mediana 1,7 años; rango intercuartil 25-75, 1,2-2,7 años) durante el cual se recolectaron los datos clínicos y de laboratorio. Resultados Se analizaron 100 pacientes, la mayoría de sexo masculino (72%), edad media de 67,3 ± 9,9 años, con múltiples factores de riesgo cardiovascular (HTA 95%, DLP 74%, TBQ 63%, DM 28%) y amplio compromiso vascular aterosclerótico (enfermedad coronaria 56%, enfermedad vascular periférica 39%). Se realizó angioplastia con stent en el 98% de los casos, el 22% en forma bilateral, con un éxito del 99%. Se observó un descenso significativo de la tensión arterial sistólica (TAS) en el seguimiento alejado (TAS preprocedimiento 139,7 ± 24,2 mm Hg - TAS posprocedimiento 129,7 ± 13,9 mm Hg; p < 0,05), así como una reducción del número de drogas indicadas (2,8 ± 1,03 - 1,7 ± 0,9; p = 0,02). Estos resultados beneficiosos fueron incluso mayores en pacientes con compromiso bilateral. En relación con la función renal, el 49% de los pacientes evidenciaron una mejoría sostenida (depuración de creatinina: 53,6± 18,4 ml/min basal vs. 60,8 ± 19,5 ml/min al seguimiento; p = 0,011), mientras que el 20,4% presentó un deterioro importante en el filtrado glomerular. La mejoría en el filtrado glomerular fue más frecuente en pacientes con deterioro crónico avanzado (70,5% estadios ≥ III vs. 13,5% estadios 0-II; p = 0,01) y con angioplastia renal bilateral (depuración de creatinina: 52,8 ± 25,3 ml/min basal vs. 66,1 ± 15,1 ml/min al seguimiento; p = 0,032). En el análisis multivariado, la enfermedad renal grado ≥ III (OR 29,6, IC 95% 8,3-105,8; p > 0,001) y el sexo masculino (OR 16,2, IC 95% 4,3-105,8; p > 0,001) fueron predictores independientes de mejoría del filtrado glomerular en el seguimiento. Conclusiones El tratamiento percutáneo de la enfermedad renovascular es una alternativa terapéutica complementaria de elevada seguridad y buena evolución alejada en pacientes de riesgo alto. Se destaca asimismo el beneficio de la ATR en pacientes con deterioro renal basal importante, a pesar de una revascularización tardía.

Background Inappropriate use of revascularization may be potentially harmful to patients and generate unwarranted costs to the health care system. Recently, the members of an expert panel conducted an appropriateness review of common clinical scenarios in which coronary revascularization is frequently considered. Objectives To identify the proportion of inappropriate coronary revascularization procedures -percutaneous (PTCA) and surgical (CABG) - in a cardiovascular tertiary referral center according to appropriateness criterion. Material and Methods We consecutively included all patients referred to our center for coronary angiography from January to May 2009 with a significant coronary stenosis (≥ 70%) who underwent percutaneous or surgical revascularization, and evaluated the rate of inappropriate revascularization according to appropriateness criterion recently published. Results From a total of 568 coronary angiographies, 404 (71.2%) had at least a coronary stenosis ≥70%; 81 patients underwent CABGS (20%) and 295 PTCA (73%). In these 376 revascularized patients, the indication was considered inappropriate in 15 (4%), all of them in the PTCA group (15/295; 5%), while only 2 patients with multivessel disease (n=172, 1.2%) underwent inappropriate revascularization. Conclusions In a cardiovascular tertiary referral center, the proportion of inappropriate coronary revascularization procedures (percutaneous or surgical) was low. Appropriateness criterion may be an applicable tool for decision-making in patients with coronary artery disease and for quality control in the departments of cardiology

Introducción Una revascularización coronaria inapropiada conlleva un riesgo muchas veces evitable para el paciente y se traduce en gastos innecesarios para el sistema de salud. Recientemente, los miembros de un panel de expertos en enfermedades cardiovasculares evaluaron el criterio de adecuación de la indicación de revascularización coronaria en varios escenarios clínicos comunes. Objetivos Identificar la proporción de revascularización coronaria inapropiada tanto percutánea (ATC) como quirúrgica (CRM) conforme al criterio de adecuación en un centro de alta complejidad cardiovascular. Material y métodos Desde enero hasta mayo de 2009 se incluyeron en forma consecutiva todos los pacientes derivados a nuestro centro con la indicación clínica de coronariografía que presentaron enfermedad coronaria significativa (estenosis ≥ 70%) y fueron sometidos a revascularización percutánea o quirúrgica. Se evaluó en este grupo la tasa de indicación inapropiada de revascularización coronaria conforme el criterio de adecuación recientemente publicado. Resultados De 568 cateterismos evaluados, 404 (71,2%) presentaron al menos una lesión ≥ 70% de estenosis, 81 pacientes fueron sometidos a CRM (20%) y 295 a ATC (73%). Del total de 376 pacientes revascularizados, la indicación de revascularización coronaria se consideró inapropiada en 15 (4%), todos ellos del grupo ATC (15/295; 5%), mientras que en el grupo de pacientes multiarteriales (n = 172) sólo 2 (1,2%) revascularizaciones resultaron inapropiadas. Conclusiones El criterio de adecuación de revascularización coronaria (percutánea o quirúrgica) en un centro cardiovascular de alta complejidad ha resultado inapropiado en una minoría de los casos. Dicho criterio representa una herramienta potencialmente aplicable tanto en la toma de decisiones en pacientes con enfermedad coronaria como en el control de calidad de los servicios de cardiología.

INTRODUÇÃO: Cerca de 30% dos pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertrófica obstrutiva têm uma obstrução dinâmica do trato de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (TSVE). Pacientes sintomáticos são tratados com agentes inotrópicos negativos, entretanto alguns pacientes não respondem à terapia medicamentosa. A miectomia cirúrgica foi, até a década de 1990, o tratamento padrão para esses pacientes. A ablação septal percutânea com álcool (ASA) foi introduzida como terapia alternativa menos invasiva. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a evolução clínica de pacientes submetidos a ASA em nosso centro MÉTODO: Foram incluídos sete pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertrófica obstrutiva, analisando-se os sintomas, os gradientes intraventriculares e a qualidade de vida antes e depois da ASA. O acompanhamento médio foi de 3,3 ± 1,8 anos RESULTADOS: Houve melhora significativa da classe da New York Heart Association (NYHA) durante o acompanhamento clínico. O gradiente médio do TSVE antes da ASA, em repouso, foi de 67 ± 22 mmHg, e com a manobra de Valsalva foi de 131 ± 27 mmHg. Na evolução tardia, o gradiente médio do TSVE, em repouso, foi de 33 ± 37 mmHg e com a manobra de Valsalva, 37 ± 47 mmHg. O consumo máximo de oxigênio foi de 14,7 ml/min antes da ASA e durante o acompanhamento aumentou para 25,4 ml/min CONCLUSÃO: Em nosso estudo, a ASA foi um tratamento seguro e eficaz para a cardiomiopatia hipertrófica obstrutiva, propiciando alívio substancial dos sintomas e da obstrução do trato de saída, e melhora da capacidade de exercício e da qualidade de vida, com baixas taxas de complicações.

BACKGROUND: About 30% of patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) have dynamic obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). Symptomatic patients are treated with negative inotropic agents, however, some patients do not respond to medical therapy. Surgical myectomy was the standard therapy for these patients until the nineties. Percutaneous alcohol septal ablation (ASA) was introduced as a less invasive alternative therapy. This study was aimed at assessing the clinical course of patients undergoing ASA at our center METHOD: Seven patients with HOCM were included and intraventricular gradients and quality of life before and after ASA were evaluated. Mean follow-up was 3.3 ± 1.8 years RESULTS: There was a significant improvement in the New York Heart Association (NYHA) class during the followup. The mean LVOT gradient before ASA at rest was 67 ±22 mmHg and 131 ± 27 mmHg with Valsalva maneuver. In the late follow-up, the mean LVOT gradient at rest was 33 ± 37 mmHg and 37 ± 47 mmHg with Valsalva maneuver. Peak oxygen uptake was 14.7 ml/min prior ASA, increasing to 25.4 ml/min during the follow-up CONCLUSION: In our study, ASA was a safe and effective treatment for HOCM providing substantial relief of symptoms, outflow tract obstruction and improvement of exercise capacity and quality of life with low complication rates.

Background Critical lower limb ischemia is the extreme manifestation of chronic peripheral arterial disease. Surgical revascularization is the treatment of choice for patients with this condition as it reduces amputation and mortality rates despite being an invasive procedure. Yet, the incidence of complications is high. During the last decade, the development and introduction of new percutaneous technologies have enabled significant growth in endovascular strategies. Indications for endovascular treatment have increased due to its low morbidity compared to surgery. Objective To evaluate the clinical outcomes in patients with critical lower limb occlusions undergoing endovascular treatment in a high-volume center. Material and Methods A total of 60 procedures in 55 patients were performed from January 2005 to December 2008. Results Patients' age was 72.5±10.6 years (range 49-91) and 60.7% were men; 57% were diabetics and 48.8% had coronary artery disease. Fifty percent of patients had ischemic rest pain; 41% had minor trophic lesions and 9% presented major throphic lesions. A total of 74 occlusions were treated: 14 aortoiliac, 23 femoropopliteal, 28 infrapopliteal and 9 occlusions of vascular bypass grafts. The following outcomes were evaluated 30 days after the intervention: urgent reintervention, 10.9%; amputation, 5.4%; mortality, 3.6%; major cardiac events (mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, reintervention or amputation), 10.9%. In the long-term follow-up (median 727±442 days) reintervention rate was 11.7%, amputation 7.4%, myocardial infarction 2%, stroke 2%, mortality 11.7%, and major cardiac events 27.4%. Reintervention, amputation and major cardiac events rates throughout the study were 21.4%, 14.3% and 30.3%, respectively. Conclusions Endovascular treatment represents an attractive option to reduce the risk of amputation in patients with critical lower limb ischemia. However, this population carries high long-term cardiovascular risk.

Introducción La isquemia crítica de miembros inferiores representa una manifestación extrema de la enfermedad vascular periférica crónica. La revascularización quirúrgica es el tratamiento de elección para los pacientes con esta patología, ya que pese a ser un procedimiento invasivo reduce la tasa de amputación y de mortalidad. Sin embargo, tiene una tasa alta de complicaciones. Durante la última década, el perfeccionamiento y la introducción de nuevas tecnologías percutáneas han derivado en un crecimiento importante en la estrategia endovascular. Su baja morbilidad comparada con la de la alternativa quirúrgica ha llevado a un rápido y explosivo incremento en su indicación. Objetivo Evaluar los resultados clínicos en pacientes con lesiones críticas de miembros inferiores tratados de forma endovascular en un centro de alto volumen. Material y métodos Desde enero de 2005 hasta diciembre de 2008 se realizaron 60 procedimientos en 55 pacientes. Resultados La edad de los pacientes fue de 72,5 ± 10,6 años (rango 49-91); el 60,7% eran de sexo masculino, el 57% padecían diabetes y el 48,8%, enfermedad coronaria. El 50% de los pacientes presentaron dolor del miembro en reposo y el resto, lesiones tróficas menores en el 41% y mayores en el 9%. Se trataron en total 74 lesiones: 14 aortoilíacas, 23 femoropoplíteas, 28 infrapoplíteas y 9 bypass vasculares. En el seguimiento a 30 días, la tasa de reintervención de urgencia fue del 10,9%, la de amputación del 5,4%, la de muerte del 3,6% y la de eventos cardíacos mayores (muerte, infarto agudo de miocardio, accidente cerebrovascular, reintervención o amputación) fue del 10,9%. Luego de 30 días, el seguimiento alejado (media 727 ± 442 días) arrojó las siguientes tasas: reintervención 11,7%, amputación 7,4%, infarto agudo de miocardio 2%, accidente cerebrovascular 2%, muerte 11,7% y eventos cardíacos mayores 27,4%. Las tasas de reintervención, amputación y eventos cardíacos mayores durante todo el estudio fueron del 21,4%, 14,3% y 30,3%, respectivamente. Conclusiones El tratamiento endovascular representa una alternativa atractiva para pacientes con isquemia crítica de miembros inferiores al reducir el riesgo de amputación. Sin embargo, esta población presenta un riesgo cardiovascular incrementado en el pronóstico alejado.

Background The prognosis of patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has considerably improved, particularly due to reperfusion therapy. However, patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) constitute a high risk group. In patients with STEMI, hyperglycemia is associated with adverse prognosis, regardless of the previous diagnosis of DM. Objective To assess the prognostic value of fasting glycemia (FG) in patients with STEMI undergoing primary angioplasty. Material and Methods From a total of 227 patients admitted with STEMI, 31 patients with DM and 7 patients referred to rescue angioplasty were excluded. Glycemia at admission (GAd) and FG were registered; the population was divided according to FG: group A ≥110 mg/dl (hyperglycemic) and group B <110 mg/dl (normoglycemic). Results The study population comprised 189 patients. Mean age was 62.1±10.5years, 82% were men and 40% were current smokers; pain-to-balloon time was 2.75 hours (25-75% interquartile range: 2-4.75); 12.1% had a Killip & Kimball (KK) class ≥ 3, and 38% were anterior wall infarctions. Fifteen patients (7.9%) died during hospitalization; all deaths occurred in hyperglycemic patients. Multivariate analysis identified age (p=0.048) and FG (p=0,002) as independent predictors of mortality; KK class ≥ 3 (p=0.001), FG (p=0.001), and moderate to severe systolic dysfunction (p=0.016) were independent predictors of major cardiac events (death, reinfarction and heart failure). Glycemia at admission was not identified as an independent predictor of death or major cardiac events. Conclusions The results of the present study suggest that FG has a prognostic value in the short term in non diabetic patients with STEMI. Fasting glycemia is a simple tool for the early identification of a high risk population.

Introducción El pronóstico de los pacientes que sufren un infarto agudo de miocardio con supradesnivel del ST (IAMST) ha mejorado notoriamente, en particular como resultado de la terapia de reperfusión. A pesar de estos avances, los pacientes con diabetes mellitus (DM) constituyen un grupo de alto riesgo. La hiperglucemia en pacientes con IAMST se asocia con peor pronóstico, independientemente del diagnóstico previo de DM. Objetivo Evaluar el valor pronóstico de la glucemia en ayunas (GA) durante un IAMST tratado con angioplastia primaria. Material y métodos De 227 pacientes con diagnóstico de IAMST se excluyeron 31 con DM y 7 derivados para terapia de rescate tardío. Se registraron la glucemia en la admisión (GAd) y la GA; la población se dividió según la GA en: grupo A ≥ 110 mg/dl (hiperglucémicos) y grupo B < 110 mg/dl (normoglucémicos). Resultados La población en estudio quedó conformada por 189 pacientes. La edad fue de 62,1 ± 10,5 años, sexo masculino 82%, tabaquistas 40%, el tiempo dolor-balón fue de 2,75 horas (25- 75% intercuartiles 2-4,75), el porcentaje con clasificación de Killip & Kimball (KK) ≥ 3 fue del 12,1% y el 38% presentaron localización anterior. Se registraron 15 (7,9%) muertes intrahospitalarias, todas en pacientes hiperglucémicos. Por análisis multivariado, los predictores independientes de mortalidad intrahospitalaria fueron la edad (p = 0,048) y la GA como variable continua (p = 0,002). Para los eventos cardíacos mayores (muerte, reIAM e insuficiencia cardíaca), la clasificación de KK ≥ 3 (p = 0,001), la GA (p = 0,001) y el deterioro moderado/grave de la función sistólica (p = 0,016) fueron sus únicos predictores independientes. La GAd no resultó predictora independiente de muerte o de eventos cardíacos mayores. Conclusiones Los resultados del presente estudio sugieren que la GA posee valor pronóstico a corto plazo en pacientes no diabéticos que cursan un IAMST. La GA identifica tempranamente y en forma sencilla a una población de riesgo alto.

INTRODUÇÃO: O uso de tromboaspiração manual demonstrou melhorar a reperfusão miocárdica durante a intervenção percutânea primária. Entretanto, a população adequada para esse tratamento ainda não foi bem estabelecida. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a taxa de utilização e a seleção de pacientes para tromboaspiração manual durante intervenção percutânea primária. MÉTODO: No período de julho de 2008 a fevereiro de 2009, incluímos 183 pacientes com intervenção percutânea primária de oito centros argentinos em um registro prospectivo de infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST). As características clínicas, angiográficas e do procedimento e os desfechos clínicos foram comparados entre os pacientes tratados com e sem tromboaspiração manual. RESULTADOS: A tromboaspiração manual foi utilizada em 20,8% dos pacientes. As características clínicas basais foram, em geral, semelhantes entre os pacientes tratados com e sem tromboaspiração manual. Entretanto, os pacientes tratados com tromboaspiração manual tinham pior função renal pré-procedimento e maior somatória de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST basal (12,2 ± 7,7 mm vs. 10,2 ± 8,6 mm; P = 0,06). O grupo com tromboaspiração manual apresentou maior proporção de pacientes com trombo graus 4-5 (86,8% vs. 49%; P < 0,01), maior fluxo TIMI 0 basal (tromboaspiração manual: 63,2% vs. 40,7%; P = 0,03), maior diâmetro do vaso (3,46 ± 0,5 mm vs. 3,12 ± 0,5 mm; P = 0,01), e maior utilização de filtro distal (13,1% vs. 0,7%; P = 0,04) e de balão intra-aórtico (10,5% vs. 3,4%; P = 0,05), assim como de inibidores da glicoproteína IIb/IIIa (39,5% vs. 14,5%; P = 0,04). A taxa de resgate de material aterotrombótico macroscópico foi de 76,3%. Embora o grupo com tromboaspiração manual apresentasse pico mais elevado de creatina fosfoquinase (tromboaspiração manual: 3.195,9 ± 2.598 UI/ml vs. 1.757,6 ± 1.806,6 UI/ml; P = 0,02), a porcentagem de resolução do segmento ST e o fluxo TIMI 3 final não foram diferentes entre os grupos. A taxa de eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores no acompanhamento foi semelhante (21,1% vs. 15,2%; P = 0,36). CONCLUSÃO: O emprego da tromboaspiração manual na prática diária em paciente com IAMCSST destina-se a pacientes de maior complexidade tanto clínica como angiográfica, acarretando, no final, resultados clínicos semelhantes aos de pacientes não tratados com tromboaspiração manual.

BACKGROUND: Manual thrombus-aspiration has proven to improve myocardial reperfusion during primary percutaneous coronary intervention. However, the adequate population for this approach has not been well established. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and patient selection for thrombus-aspiration during primary percutaneous coronary intervention. METHOD: From July 2008 to February 2009, we included 183 patients submitted to primary percutaneous coronary intervention from eight Argentinean centers in a prospective ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) registry. Baseline characteristics as well as clinical and angiographic outcomes were compared among patients treated with and without thrombus-aspiration. RESULTS: Manual thrombus-aspiration was used in 20.8% of the patients. Baseline clinical characteristics were similar among patients treated with and without thrombus-aspiration. However, thrombus-aspiration treatment was associated with worse baseline renal function and greater baseline ST-segment elevation (thrombus-aspiration: 12.2 ± 7.7 mm vs. 10.2 ± 8.6 mm; P = 0.06). The thrombus-aspiration group had a higher rate of patients with grade 4-5 thrombus (86.8% vs. 49%; P < 0.01) and baseline TIMI flow 0 (thrombus-aspiration 63.2% vs. 40.7%; P = 0.03), greater vessel diameter (3.46 ± 0.5 mm vs. 3.12 ± 0.5 mm; P = 0.01), use of distal filter (13.1% vs. 0.7%; P = 0.04) and use of intra-aortic balloon (10.5% vs 3.4%; P = 0.05), as well as glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor administration (39.5% vs. 14.5%; P = 0.04). Debris was retrieved from 76.3% of the patients. Although the thrombus-aspiration group had higher CK levels (thrombus-aspiration: 3195.9 ± 2598 UI/ml vs. 1757.6 ± 1806.6 UI/ml; P = 0.02), the percentage of ST-segment resolution and final TIMI 3 flow did not differ between groups. The follow-up rate of major cardiovascular events was similar for both groups (thrombusaspiration: 21.1% vs. 15.2%; P = 0.36). CONCLUSION: Routine thrombus-aspiration in patients with STEMI is used in patients with higher clinical and angiographic complexity, leading to similar overall clinical results as those not treated with thrombus-aspiration.

A significant proportion of patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) have comorbidities that increase the risk of surgical aortic valve replacement. Percutaneous implantation of an aortic valve prosthesis emerges as an alternative in this group of patients. We report two cases of elderly patients with severe aortic stenosis that underwent successful percutaneous implantation of CoreValve aortic valve prostheses; in addition, criteria for patient selection and the technique of the procedure are described.

Una proporción importante de pacientes con estenosis aórtica (EAo) grave poseen comorbilidades que incrementan el riesgo de la cirugía de reemplazo valvular aórtico. El implante percutáneo de válvula protésica surge como una alternativa en este grupo de pacientes. Se comunican dos casos de pacientes de edad avanzada portadores de EAo grave a los que se les realizó con éxito el implante percutáneo de una prótesis valvular aórtica CoreValve y se describen los criterios para la selección de pacientes y la técnica de implante percutáneo.

Background The efficacy of primary angioplasty is limited due to the fact that a considerable number of patients do not achieve adequate levels of myocardial tissue perfusion. The degree of reperfusion depends on multiple clinical, angiographic and therapeutic factors. Objectives To identify the independent factors associated with the absence of myocardial tissue reperfusion after primary angioplasty. Material and Methods A total of 140 patients included in the Protection of Distal Embolization in High-Risk Patients with Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Trial (PREMIAR) were analyzed. This study evaluated the use of filter distal protection device during angioplasty in patients with acute STsegment elevation myocardial infarction at high risk of thrombosis (only including baseline TIMI grade 0-2 flow). The primary end point of the study was the rate of complete ST-segment resolution at 60 minutes, defined as ≥ 70% recovery compared with baseline during continuous ST-segment monitoring. A model of logistic regression was developed to identify independent predictors. Results Complete resolution of ST-segment deviation 60 minutes after angioplasty was observed in 82 patients (63%), while 53 patients (37%) presented partial ST-segment resolution which was associated with rates of mortality, reinfarction and/or heart failure at 30 days of 8.5% and 18.9%, respectively (p=0.07). The variables associated with absence of adequate myocardial tissue reperfusion were anterior infarction (79% versus 33%; p=0.001), higher heart rate (81±20 versus 70±15; p=0.001) and history of current smoking (25% versus 51%; p=0.002), compared to optimal tissue reperfusion. In addition, there was a trend towards greater prevalence of diabetes (26% versus 16%; p=0.13), longer time interval from the onset of symptoms to angioplasty (minutes) (217±167 versus 182±134; p=0.19) and Killip class >1 (30% versus 17%; p=0.07), respectively. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that anterior myocardial infarction was associated with absence of complete reperfusion (OR 8.22, 95% CI 3.67-18.4; p<0.001), while the use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (OR 4.21, 95% CI 1.34-13.22; p=0.014) and current smoking (OR 3.84, 95% CI 1.58-9.50; p=0.003) correlated with complete reperfusion. Conclusions A considerable proportion of patients undergoing primary angioplasty do not achieve adequate myocardial tissue reperfusion. This phenomenon is associated with adverse outcomes. Anterior myocardial infarction correlates with less degree of tissue reperfusion. Conversely, current smoking and the use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors are associated with better tissue reperfusion after primary angioplasty.

Introducción La angioplastia primaria tiene una eficacia limitada ya que deja a un grupo considerable de pacientes sin lograr una reperfusión miocárdica tisular adecuada. Los factores clínicos, angiográficos y terapéuticos que influyen en el grado de reperfusión no han sido claramente establecidos. Objetivos Identificar los factores independientes asociados con la ausencia de reperfusión tisular luego de la angioplastia primaria. Material y métodos Se analizaron 140 pacientes incluidos prospectivamente en el estudio aleatorizado Protection of Distal Embolization in High-Risk Patients with Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Trial (PREMIAR). Este estudio evaluó la utilización de un filtro de protección distal durante la angioplastia en el infarto agudo de miocardio con supradesnivel del segmento ST en pacientes de alto riesgo trombótico (solamente incluyendo flujo coronario basal TIMI 0-2). El punto final primario fue la resolución completa del segmento ST a los 60 minutos, definida como disminución del ST ≥ 70% con el empleo de monitorización continua del segmento ST. Se desarrolló un modelo de regresión logística para identificar los predictores independientes. Resultados Se observó resolución completa del segmento ST a los 60 minutos luego de la angioplastia en 82 pacientes (63%), mientras que 53 pacientes (37%) presentaron resolución incompleta que se asoció con una tasa de mortalidad, reinfarto y/o insuficiencia cardíaca a los 30 días del 8,5% y 18,9%, respectivamente (p = 0,07). Los pacientes que no lograron una reperfusión tisular adecuada tuvieron con más frecuencia compromiso de localización anterior (79% versus 33%; p = 0,001), mayor frecuencia cardíaca (81 ± 20 versus 70 ± 15; p < 0,001) y menor proporción de fumadores actuales (25% versus 51%; p = 0,002) respecto de aquellos con reperfusión tisular óptima. Se observó además una tendencia a mayor presencia de diabetes (26% versus 16%; p = 0,13), mayor tiempo desde el inicio de los síntomas a la angioplastia (minutos) (217 ± 167 versus 182 ± 134; p = 0,19) y clase Killip > 1 (30% versus 17%; p = 0,07), respectivamente. El análisis multivariado demostró que el infarto de localización anterior (OR 8,22, IC 95% 3,67-18,4; p < 0,001) se asoció con ausencia de reperfusión completa, mientras que el uso de inhibidores de la glicoproteína IIb/IIIa (OR 4,21, IC 95% 1,34-13,22; p = 0,014) y el tabaquismo actual (OR 3,84, IC 95% 1,58-9,50; p = 0,003) se correlacionaron con una reperfusión completa. Conclusiones Una proporción considerable de pacientes sometidos a angioplastia primaria no logran una reperfusión tisular adecuada. Este fenómeno se asocia con peor pronóstico. La presencia de infarto de localización anterior se correlaciona con una extensión menor del grado de reperfusión tisular. Contrariamente, el tabaquismo actual y el uso de inhibidores de la glicoproteína IIb/IIIa se asocian con una reperfusión tisular más profunda luego de la angioplastia primaria.